Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common hormonal disorders affecting women and adolescent girls during their reproductive years. It is also referred to as polycystic ovary disease. The name originates from the observation that the ovulation follicles become trapped just beneath the ovarian surface, unable to release eggs, and subsequently form multiple small cysts.

Causes of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome:

Under normal circumstances, the pituitary gland in the brain secretes two hormones—Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)—that regulate ovulation. Meanwhile, the ovary secretes estrogen and progesterone, which prepare the uterus for ovulation, as well as a small amount of the male hormone androgen.

In PCOS, the pituitary gland produces high levels of LH, and the ovaries secrete excessive amounts of androgen. This disrupts the menstrual cycle, delays or halts ovulation, and can lead to difficulty in conceiving, increased facial and body hair, and acne.

Risk Factors for PCOS:

Several factors may contribute to the development of PCOS, including:

1. Obesity.

2. Family history of the condition.

3. Insulin resistance.

4. Inflammation in the body, which may exacerbate insulin resistance.

Symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome:

PCOS may not cause noticeable symptoms in some cases. When symptoms occur, they typically manifest during adolescence or early adulthood. The severity and nature of symptoms vary depending on the degree of ovarian cysts and the presence of additional complications.

Common symptoms include:

1. Irregular or infrequent menstrual periods.

2. Weight gain.

3. Thinning and hair loss on the scalp.

4. Oily skin or acne.

5. Excessive hair growth on the face, chest, back, or buttocks (hirsutism).

6. Difficulty conceiving or irregular ovulation.

Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome:

Treatment options for PCOS focus on symptom management and improving overall health, including:

Dietary Management: Maintaining a healthy weight and addressing obesity.

Hormonal Medications: Balancing hormone levels to suppress androgens, which can also help control excessive hair growth.

Insulin-Sensitizing Medications: Reducing insulin resistance.

Surgical Intervention: Removing cystic follicles from the ovarian wall through surgical procedures, including laser treatments, to restore ovulation.

Tips to Manage and Reduce the Impact of PCOS:

Women with PCOS can adopt the following lifestyle changes to control symptoms and minimize complications:

1. Engage in regular physical activity.

2. Follow a healthy diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains.

3. Avoid smoking.