Dyspepsia is a medical term describing a functional disorder characterized by negative sensations centered in the upper abdomen. It refers to a functional disturbance without an apparent cause, such as ulcers, inflammation, tumors, or biochemical changes.

This condition is often chronic with a tendency to recur intermittently. It is a common problem affecting approximately 7%–25% of the population in developing countries.

Symptoms of Dyspepsia

The symptoms of dyspepsia include:

Discomfort presenting as pain, tightness, or bloating.

Feeling full or satiated even after consuming a small meal.

Belching.

Constipation.

Burning sensation.

Nausea.

Vomiting.

The presentation of dyspepsia symptoms can vary significantly. Symptoms may appear collectively, most of them simultaneously, or manifest differently each time.

Symptoms can range from mild, causing minimal impact on quality of life, to severe, significantly affecting daily life and overall functionality.

Causes and Risk Factors of Dyspepsia

Causes:

Impaired gastric motility, particularly delayed or slowed gastric emptying.

Dysfunction in the stomach's ability to adapt to ingested food.

Gastric hypersensitivity to pain stimuli.

Infection caused by Helicobacter pylori.

Risk Factors:

Psychological factors can exacerbate dyspepsia, such as:

Tendency toward depression.

Tendency toward anxiety.

Complications of Dyspepsia

Potential complications of dyspepsia include:

Esophageal stricture.

Pyloric sphincter stricture.

Peritonitis.

Diagnosis of Dyspepsia

If symptoms are mild and there are no alarming signs, such as weight loss or difficulty swallowing, especially in patients under 45 years old, no specific diagnostic tests are required.

In other cases, the following tests may be recommended:

Blood tests.

Imaging studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract, such as endoscopy.

Ultrasound imaging.

Treatment of Dyspepsia

The treatment approach depends on the severity of the condition, as detailed below:

1. Treatment for Mild Cases

In mild cases, no specific treatment for dyspepsia is necessary. Reducing stress and alleviating anxiety can suffice.

2. Treatment for Severe Cases

Medications that neutralize or reduce stomach acid secretion can alleviate symptoms and benefit many patients.

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori.

Trials of medications that address constipation and enhance gastric emptying. However, the efficacy of such medications remains uncertain and debated.

Future advancements in treatment may lie in medications that influence gastric sensitivity and the stomach wall’s ability to adapt and relax. Several drugs with these properties are currently under research and testing.

Prevention of Dyspepsia

To prevent dyspepsia, the following measures are recommended:

Consume small meals.

Eat slowly.

Avoid acidic foods, such as tomatoes.

Refrain from consuming caffeine.